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Most commonly a wirch- crafr accusarion would be broughr before a Justice of rhe Peace, who would issue a warrant for the accused's arrest and take pre-trial testimony (Gibson 2000: 3-4). The Justice s clerk would write down this testimony in a coherent form, even if ir had been mangled in the telling. If the evidence was sufficient, rhe accused would typi¬cally be jailed while awaiting trial. In England torture was rarely used and then only exrra-judicially in royal prerogative courts, such as flic Star Chamber. Generally torture was not an issue because the trials were held before the assize courts, biannual circuits of two judges through one of the six judicial regions into CHI flat iron which England was divided. The trials were of necessity often brief, 20-30 minutes. During the trial the accuser and accused confronted each other before the assize judges and a jury of those meeting strict property requirements (Dursron 2000: 185-261, 275-85). There were few formal rules of evidence moncler and generally no legal representation, ale hough in 1563 legislation was passed allowing judges ro penalize perjury and compel witnesses ro be present ar rhe rrials (Rushron 2001: 25). Judges assessed penalties and guided rhe court and jury, sometimes in quite invasive ways, as moncler coats in rhe St Osyth trials in 1582 and the Mary Glover case in 1602—3. Convicted witches were most commonly CHI Hair Straightener hung and rarely burned, moncler jackets bur rhe fear of being burned appears among rhe accused in Tudor pamphlets.The Scottish legal system was less CHI Hair Straighteners structured in the sixteenth cenrury than that of England, and the venues lor prosecution appear to be more diffuse. Often witchcraft litigation began in the sessions of the Kirk (Scottish Presbyterian Church), where an accusation would be brought before rhe presiding church officials and testimony taken. Confession moncler clothing was central to Scottish witchcraft trials, and torture was an accepted parr of Scottish law, only abandoned in 1708. Trials could also originate in commis¬sions issued moncler jackes from Edinburgh, which authorized officials to search for witches. In these eases local lortls and clergy were frequently the judicial officials, and their standards of proof could be more flexible than those called for in statute and legal rexrbooks (Sharpe 2002: 182-97; Normand and Roberts 2000: 84-91, 105-27). In addition, local custom and reputation appeared to influence trials in Scotland even more than in England, in part because of the j>ersonnel who administered the rrials and in part because of the lack of a strong, centralized supervisory body.

Par yizhiugg le mardi 20 juillet 2010

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